The Founding Fathers of the United States were a group of individuals who played a pivotal role in the creation of the American nation. They were instrumental in the American Revolution, the drafting and ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and the establishment of the new government.

Their contributions to the development of the United States were immense. They were visionaries who believed in the ideals of liberty, democracy, and the rule of law. They fought for these ideals and made tremendous sacrifices to ensure that they were enshrined in the new nation’s founding documents.

Their legacy is still felt today, as the United States continues to be a beacon of freedom and democracy for people all over the world. Their ideas and principles have inspired countless generations of Americans, who have worked tirelessly to build a more perfect union.

In addition to their political contributions, the Founding Fathers were also important cultural figures. They were writers, artists, and thinkers who helped to shape American culture and identity. They left behind a rich legacy of literature, art, and philosophy that continues to influence American culture to this day.

It is important to remember the significance of the Founding Fathers and the important role they played in the creation of the American nation. Their ideas and ideals continue to inspire us today and remind us of the values that we hold dear as Americans.

Significance of Founding Fathers for Constitutional Law In the context of American Constitutional law, the Founding Fathers can be noted as comprising of delegates to the Constitutional Convention, the meeting held in Philadelphia in 1787 with the effect of drawing up the U.S. Constitution.

In the larger context of U.S. history, the Founding Fathers might be noted as the specific individuals who took part in this and in other essential points for the creation of the nation, including both its liberation from the control of the British Empire and the further consolidation of the 13 colonies into a nation unified under the Federal Government.

Other Historical Settings for Founding Fathers

Along with the list of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention, the other main listing of Founding Fathers maintained as to specific and historically significant individuals can be noted as comprising of the 56 signers of the U.S. Constitution.

Larger Context for Founding Fathers in U.S. History The “Founding Fathers” terminology might further be applied to the large group of men who contributed to the early history of the United States, without necessarily holding high office at the time or finding individual fame in the long term. Moreover, a category similar to that of the Founding Fathers might also be proposed using gender-neutral language in order to account for the role played by women in the nation’s early history.

Historians believe that U.S. President Warren G. Harding first introduced the “Founding Father” terminology, prior to his assuming the Presidency, as the keynote speaker to the 1916 Republican National Convention.

The history of the United States of America spans over 400 years, starting with the arrival of the first European settlers in the early 17th century. The story of the United States is an incredibly diverse one, full of notable figures, momentous events, and groundbreaking innovations. Here is a brief overview of American history.

Colonial Period (1607-1776):
In 1607, the first English colony, Jamestown, was established in Virginia. The Pilgrims arrived in 1620 and founded Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. The 13 colonies that were established over the following centuries had a significant economic and social impact on Europe, as well as influencing the events that would lead to the American Revolution.

American Revolution (1776-1783):
In 1776, the 13 colonies declared independence from Great Britain, forming the United States of America. The war for independence lasted until 1783, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, giving the United States its sovereignty.

Early Republic (1783-1861):
The founding of the United States was a time of great growth and innovation. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were written, and George Washington was elected the first President of the United States. During the early republic, the nation expanded westward, settling new territories and eventually becoming a global superpower.

Civil War (1861-1865):
The issue of slavery deeply divided the country, and the Civil War was fought between the Confederate States of America and the Union, or Northern States. The Union emerged victorious, and nearly 4 million slaves were emancipated.

Industrialization and World War I (1865-1919):
The post-Civil War period was marked by rapid industrialization and major technological innovations such as the telephone and the automobile. The United States entered World War I in 1917, playing a significant role in ending the war in 1918.

Roaring Twenties (1920-1929):
The 1920s were known as the Roaring Twenties, a time of prosperity and excess. The economy boomed, and cultural shifts such as jazz music and women’s suffrage occurred during this time period.

Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945):
The stock market crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression, one of the most significant economic downturns in history. The United States entered World War II in 1941, and the country played a critical role in ending the war in 1945.

Post-War Era (1945-1960s):
The post-war era saw significant societal changes, including the civil rights movement and increasing involvement in the international community. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union also emerged as a critical issue during this period.

Civil Rights Movement and Modern Era (1960s-present):
The 1960s and 1970s were marked by social unrest and significant cultural shifts, including the fight for civil rights and the feminist movement. The 21st century has seen significant globalization and technological developments, with advancements in communications, healthcare, and space exploration.

In conclusion, American history is rich and diverse, shaped by the heroic and innovative actions of individuals and groups. It is a story of progress, struggle, and overcoming adversity that has culminated in the modern superpower and beacon of hope that the United States is known as today.

Throughout American history, there have been a number of changes that have occurred to the legal system and installations of power in order to help create an equal and well-regulated governing body. Legal History

America has a rich legal history background; one that has moved from a failing unicameral system of governance to a flourishing bicameral system. The change from one system to another was a necessity seen by members of Government when they realized that they had no actual power over the way in which the states ruled themselves.

James Madison suggested a bicameral system in order to bring more power to the Government and to help unify the states in the Union. Congress of the Confederation

The Congress of the Confederation was the first governing body of the United States. This body was a unicameral government, in which there was little power given to the actual Government. All implementations that the Congress wanted could easily be ignored by the states, which were still considered sovereign entities by the standards of America. Unitary System

The unitary system is a system in which a governing body has control over a certain area and is restricted from having power over other bodies. In the United States, we have a bicameral system in which there are two bodies that work together as one governing group. However, they have limited power against other executive and judicial areas, making the United States one of the most unique unitary-based bicameral systems. Vesting Power

Vesting power is a power that was written into the Constitution which gives specific powers to each branch of government in the United States. Vesting powers are important because they allow for the controlled government while ensuring that each branch is regulated against another in regards to exercising their powers. Enumerated Powers

Enumerated powers are a series of specific powers that have been given to Congress. These powers tend to all have to do with establishing various functions in the United States or helping to maintain specific groups and organizations, like that of the military.

The legal history of America is a rich and complex tapestry that reflects the growth and development of the nation from its earliest days to the present. The United States has a unique legal system that draws upon a range of sources, including English common law, federal and state statutes, and the rulings of state and federal courts.

The roots of American law can be traced back to the colonial period when the newly established British colonies on the eastern seaboard adopted the laws and legal traditions of England. However, the American colonies soon developed their own legal systems, incorporating local customs and practices into the common law.

The Revolutionary War marked a turning point in the legal history of America, as the newly formed states began to adopt their own constitutions and legal codes. The adoption of the US Constitution in 1787 created a federal system of government, which granted specific powers to the federal government and reserved others to the states.

Over the years, the interpretation and application of the Constitution have been the subject of numerous court cases and legal battles. The role of the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of the meaning and scope of the Constitution has been a pivotal one in American legal history, with landmark rulings such as Brown v. Board of Education (which struck down racial segregation in public schools) and Roe v. Wade (which established a woman’s right to abortion).

The legal history of America has also been shaped by the struggle for civil rights and social justice. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, African Americans, women, and other minority groups fought for legal recognition of their rights and freedoms. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked significant milestones in the ongoing struggle for equality and justice in America.

Today, the legal system of the United States remains a dynamic and evolving entity, constantly responding to shifting social, economic, and political realities. With the rise of new technologies and changing social mores, the role of American law in shaping the direction of the nation will continue to be of critical importance in the years to come.

In conclusion, the legal history of America is a complex and multifaceted tapestry, reflecting the growth and development of the nation from its earliest days to the present. From the adoption of English common law in the colonial period to the landmark court cases and legal battles of the civil rights era, the legal system of the United States has played a critical role in shaping the direction of the nation and ensuring the protection of individual rights and freedoms.

American history and legal history go well together because the establishment of the current government of America is based on the changes and adaptation of legal status throughout American history.

When the United States was first formed, it was governed under a unicameral system of government, known as the Articles of the Confederation. Under this, America was run by one specific body known as the Congress of the Confederation.

This particular governing body served to govern issues regarding foreign concerns but had no real power over the states as a whole. Any laws or implementations that the Congress of the Confederation wanted to install did not have to be adhered to. However, the legal history of the United States took a turn when James Madison suggested a bicameral governing system for the United States.

This system, in American history, is known simply as Congress. Congress is made up of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Their respective duties and criteria are outlined by the articles of the Constitution. The main purpose of these bodies was to distribute power and to help bring more than one governing body when it comes to issues regarding the legal history and the status of the United States.

Once Congress was installed, the sovereignty of the states was diminished and they were unified under a government establishment. This is where the powers of the legislative and judicial branches were also reconsidered and redistributed. Throughout legal history, Congress has helped to pass a number of Acts to secure rights for individuals and states, as well as Amendments that changed the way in which the Constitution functioned.

The Congress of the Confederation, also known as the Continental Congress, was the governing body of the United States from 1776 to 1789 during the American Revolution and the early years of the country’s history. The Congress was responsible for guiding the country through a period of political turmoil and economic instability as it struggled to establish a new government and forge a national identity.

What was the Congress of the Confederation?

The Congress of the Confederation was established on July 4, 1776, with the signing of the Declaration of Independence. It was a unicameral legislative body made up of delegates from the 13 original states. The Congress was responsible for declaring war, conducting foreign policy, and managing disputes between the states. However, it had limited powers and no executive or judicial branches.

The Articles of Confederation:

The Articles of Confederation were the nation’s first constitution and served as the governing document of the Congress of the Confederation. The Articles established a loose confederation of states and granted the Congress limited powers, including the ability to establish post offices, negotiate treaties, and regulate trade. However, the Congress had no power to levy taxes or raise an army, which severely limited its ability to effectively govern the country.

Challenges Faced by the Congress:

The Congress was faced with many challenges during its brief existence. The country was deeply divided between Federalists, who supported a strong central government, and Anti-Federalists, who favored a weaker government with more power given to the states. The Congress struggled to find ways to manage the country’s debts and pay for the cost of the Revolutionary War.

The Congress also faced challenges with foreign relations, as the new country was largely isolated from world affairs. Additionally, the government was plagued by a lack of funding, which made it difficult to properly compensate soldiers for their service during the war.

The End of the Congress:

The Congress of the Confederation ultimately came to an end in 1789, with the ratification of the United States Constitution. The new Constitution established a stronger, more centralized government with three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. The new government was designed to be more effective in meeting the challenges faced by the country, and provided a stable framework for the nation’s continued growth and development.

In conclusion, the Congress of the Confederation played a crucial role in the early history of the United States. Despite facing many challenges, the Congress managed to guide the country through a difficult period, as it struggled to establish a new government and forge a national identity. The experience of the Congress of the Confederation helped to shape the principles that would later become enshrined in the United States Constitution, and paved the way for the strong, effective government that exists today.

Article I, Section I of the United States Constitution allows for the creation of the Legislative Branch. The Constitution states that this branch shall be comprised of a bicameral legislature, to be named the Congress.

Each body, or House, provides for a system of representation for the States at the Federal level. Congress is to be divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The implementation of a bicameral system would be a deviation of prior precedence established by the Articles of Confederation, which employed a unicameral system for State representation.

The articles of Confederation would become the law of the land and would be implemented in 1781. Under this body of laws, the United States implemented a unicameral legislature known as the Congress of the Confederation. The main purpose behind the adoption of the system was that the framers of the Articles of Confederation had a legitimate concern of creating a body of government with centralized power. They believed that if too much authority could be given to a centralized body of government, the possibility for despotism and a tyrannical government would be too great. Therefore, the Congress of the Confederation would be the only branch of government in place, with no executive and judicial branches instituted. Congress was given minimal power, with most of the authority being diverted to the States.

The unicameral Congress gave representation to all the states on an equal level, while also allowing the states to have the power to veto most decisions determined by the Congress of Confederation. The only powers the Congress of Confederation had were to regulate foreign and military affairs. Furthermore, Congress at the time had no real power over the States, for they were considered sovereign entities. This meant that Congressional decisions could ultimately be ignored by the States. Eventually, the ineffectiveness of this type of Federal Government would become more than obvious, for economic disputes between the states would erupt due to the lack of uniformity and cohesive legislation.

This would eventually lead to the Congress of the Confederation to meet on theConvention of 1787, which was called for the purpose of revising and amending the Articles of Confederation. It would be James Madison that would first propose the concept of a bicameral Congress. His plan called for a Lower House to be elected directly by the people, while the Upper House would be elected by the Lower House. However, representatives of smaller states would argue in favor of maintaining a unilateral legislature for it provided for equal representation among the states.

Eventually, the two proposed types of the legislature would be combined in a compromise. The House of Representatives, or the Lower House, would provide State representation in proportion to the population of a given State. The Senate would maintain an equal representation of the states. Senators would be elected by State legislatures and the Representatives would be directly elected by the people.

The Convention of 1787 would eventually result in the drafting of the United States Constitution, in which the new bicameral legislature would be implemented. Under the new Constitution, Congress would not have more powers so as to provide for a stronger Federal Government. It would dissolve some of the problems under the Articles of Confederation and it would still maintain the sovereignty of the states by delegating specific powers to other issues. Furthermore, a bicameral Congress would provide an internal system of checks in balances in the newly implemented Legislative Branch by delegating certain duties and responsibilities to each House so as to not centralize all the power into one holistic faction.

The United States is often thought of as a federal system of government, where power is divided between the national government and the individual states. However, there are some elements of a unitary system of government present in the United States. Here’s what you should know about the unitary system in the US:

First, it’s important to define what a unitary system is. In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated in the hands of a central government. Local or regional governments have limited power and are subordinate to the central government. In contrast, in a federal system of government, power is divided between a central government and regional governments, each with their own areas of authority.

In the United States, the Constitution grants certain powers to the national government. These powers are listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution and are known as the “enumerated powers.” They include the power to regulate commerce, to raise and support armies, and to establish post offices and post roads, among others.

Additionally, the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution establishes that federal law takes precedence over state law when there is a conflict between the two. This means that the federal government has the power to overrule state governments in certain cases, such as when a state law is found to be in violation of the Constitution.

Another example of the unitary system in the US is the power of the President to issue executive orders. Executive orders are directives issued by the President that have the force of law. They can be used to direct federal agencies, establish policies, and implement laws passed by Congress. While executive orders are subject to judicial review, they can have a significant impact on the actions of both the federal government and state governments.

Lastly, the US also has a strong military and a national system of defense that falls under the authority of the federal government. The US military is responsible for national security and is controlled by the President as the Commander-in-Chief. While state National Guard units can be called up in times of emergency, their ultimate authority rests with the federal government.

Overall, while the US is primarily a federal system of government, there are elements of a unitary system present in the country. These include the enumerated powers of the federal government, the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, the power of the President to issue executive orders, and the national system of defense.

The concept of a bicameral legislature has its foundations as early as Ancient Greece and Rome. Though a more modern application of bicameral legislature is most evident in medieval Europe, when two houses composed of the aristocrats and the commoners were developed for the representation of the estates within a realm.

The essential purpose of a bicameral legislature was to provide for representation of both the people or citizens of a nation and the collective states or provinces in the government system. The representation of both factions in one body of legislature is to provide for a method of passing legislation or laws by requiring a majority for approval. This concurrent majority provides for the ability to pass or approving legislature that is not one-sided or favoring a particular faction in a distinct fashion.

The United States bicameral legislature, or Congress, is often cited as a prime example of bicameralism. However, there are different types of bicameral legislature employed by different governments throughout the world. The Federal bicameral system is the one that is most commonly associated with the integral concept of bicameral legislation. The United States, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Germany, and the European Union all employ a bicameral system. However, the method or structure in which it is put into effect varies from country to country.

A version of a bicameral legislature that is considered as the classical structure is one that consists of having two Houses in which the democratic process and the federalism principle are combined in the sense of representation. The Lower House is comprised of members based upon population numbers of each State or province, which are elected by the citizens of each State. The Upper House is comprised of an equal number of representatives from each State and is chosen by State legislatures.

The United States Congress, as well as Mexico and Australia, employ this particular bicameral system. However, the United States proves to be a unique example for it was in 1913 that the17th Amendment was approved in which Senators would now be elected by popular vote rather than State legislature appointments. Another form of a bicameral legislature is the Aristocratic system. This system is usually derived from governmental precedence existing in previous provisions. The most notable example is the British House of Lords.

The House of Lords is represented by a number of individuals who assume their position due to inheritance of nobility titles. The House of Commons, the second faction in the bicameral system, is one that is subject to an election to fill the positions. However, the positions held through inheritance have been limited to 92 from 700 due to recently enacted legislation.

The Unitary system of bicameral legislature has no ties to either a federal government or to aristocratic positions. A unitary state is one that is governed through sovereignty, in which the federal or central government can only exercise certain powers over them. A bicameral system in unitary states, such as Japan, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands, have different functions than those created under a federal bicameral legislature. One example could include where the Upper House only has the power or authority or litigating and vetoing decisions rendered by the Lower House.

Regarding the various types of bicameral the legislature, the United States Congress proves to be one of a kind, in which the strict dichotomy is enforced between a democratic ideal and the Federal institution of government. Even though the Senate is now elected by a popular vote, Congress still maintains a balance between both factions.

The United States Constitution is a seminal document that established the structure and functions of the federal government. One of the most important aspects of the Constitution is the vesting of powers, which refers to the allocation of authority to the different branches of government. The Constitution meticulously outlines the powers that each branch has, and this division of power is designed to create a system of checks and balances that ensures that no branch has too much power over the others.

The Legislative Branch:

The Constitution vests the legislative power in the Congress of the United States. This means that Congress has the power to make laws, establish taxes and impose tariffs, regulate trade between states and with foreign countries, approve treaties, and declare war. The legislative power is further divided into two separate chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. This division is intended to ensure that the laws passed by Congress represent the interests of all citizens and each state equally.

The Executive Branch:

The Constitution vests the executive power in the President of the United States. This means that the President has the power to carry out the laws enacted by Congress, appoint judges and public officials, negotiate treaties, and serve as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces. The President is also responsible for representing the United States in foreign affairs and ensuring the smooth functioning of executive agencies.

The Judicial Branch:

The Constitution vests the judicial power in the federal courts. This means that the courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and laws, hear cases and controversies arising under federal law, and make determinations on cases involving disputes between states or the federal government. The judiciary is independent and does not receive direction from the other branches of government.

The Importance of Vesting Powers:

The division of powers is one of the most important aspects of the Constitution. The framers of the Constitution believed that giving each branch a specific set of powers would prevent tyranny and ensure that no single branch became too powerful. They also believed that the division of powers would ensure that the government remained responsive to the people and that the laws and policies enacted by the government would be fair and just.

In conclusion, the vesting of powers in the Constitution is a crucial element in the structure and functioning of the United States government. The division of powers ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful and that the government remains responsive to the needs and interests of all citizens equally. The system of checks and balances that results from the vesting of powers has helped to make the United States a stable and enduring democracy since its founding.

The United States Constitution grants all legislative powers to Congress in Article I, Section I, commonly referred to as the “Vesting Clause.” The “Vesting Clause” exists also in Articles II and III, in which it also delegates the specific powers that are to be granted to other branches of government–the executive branch and judicial branch.

The “Vesting Clause” in the Constitution found in Article I, Section I states: “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.” The language of the text essentially grants all of the legislative authority of the Federal Government to the United States Congress.

The importance of the “Vesting Clause” being employed in the United States Constitution is that it provides for a separation of powers by giving each branch of government-specific powers and authority restricted to that particular branch. That is to say, that the legislative powers given to Congress cannot be exercised or employed by the President because he is part of the executive branch. However, the “Vesting Clause” dictates that the powers granted under Article I of the Constitution are exclusive to Congress.

The vesting clauses found in the other two Articles do not include the words “herein granted,” which enumerates the powers and authoritative provisions in Article I. The other branches of government are not explicitly restricted by the text and are open to exercise certain “implied” powers that may fall under their jurisdiction.

However, Congress has employed a power that was not strictly enumerated in the Constitution: investigations. The Supreme Court has long ago validated and affirmed these powers as a contingency of Congress’ legislative powers. It is important to note that such investigations are limited to the realm of legislative functions. Congress cannot simply undertake an investigation or compel cooperation in an investigation simply for the purpose of uncovering information at random.

Investigations by Congress are to be bound within their legislative powers and authority. This prevents Congress from overstepping its boundaries and journeying out of its imposed jurisdiction because it would violate the doctrine of separation of powers. On the other hand, the courts have provided for quite a broad interpretation of Congress’ powers for investigation. The question of whether Congress is involved in an investigation for ulterior motives would not be a question for the courts. The only concern of the courts would be to determine if such an investigation is within the realm of Congress’ authority of power and regulation.

All those required to cooperate with a Congress investigation are liable to be punished by law if the refusal is given. Under the Constitution, Congress has the authority to levy a punishment of contempt to those who refuse cooperation with a Congressional investigation. All those participating in such investigations are protected by the Constitution and are guaranteed the rights set forth in the Bill of Rights.

The Enumerated Powers refer to the specific and limited powers granted to the federal government by the United States Constitution. These powers are listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution and are often referred to as the “powers of Congress” since they primarily apply to the legislative branch of the government. Here are some important things to know about the Enumerated Powers:

1. The Powers are Limited: The Enumerated Powers were designed to keep the federal government from becoming too powerful and oppressive. By limiting the federal government to only the powers listed in the Constitution, it helps to avoid the concentration of power in one place. This system of checks and balances helps to protect the rights of citizens and prevent the abuse of power.

2. They Include Powers to Regulate Commerce: One of the powers granted by the Constitution is the power to regulate commerce. This power has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the regulation of interstate commerce, as well as the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations. This power has been used to pass laws on a variety of issues, from prohibiting child labor to regulating the use of drugs.

3. They Include Powers to Tax and Spend: The Constitution also grants Congress the power to tax and spend money for the general welfare of the United States. This power has been used to fund a variety of government programs, from Social Security to national defense. However, the Constitution requires that all taxes and spending be for the “general welfare” of the country, rather than for the benefit of one specific group.

4. They Do Not Include All Powers Needed to Govern: The Enumerated Powers were intentionally limited in scope. This means that the federal government does not have the power to do everything needed to govern effectively. For example, the Constitution does not grant the federal government the power to regulate education or healthcare, which are primarily left to the states.

Overall, the Enumerated Powers are an important part of the United States Constitution. They limit the power of the federal government and help to protect the rights of citizens. While they do not include all the powers needed to govern effectively, they are an important starting point for understanding the role of the federal government in our society.

The United States Constitution allows for certain powers to be explicitly listed that delegate the extent to which the United States Congress has authority. Congress can be said to have two sets of powers granted to the government body under the Constitution.

Article 1 Section 8 includes the listed powers that are vested to Congress, which are referred to as the Enumerated Powers. However, Congress also has implied powers that are set forth and implemented through the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which is also found in Article 1 Section 8. Furthermore, Congress’ authority has also been expanded due to the several Amendments committed to the Constitution.

The Enumerated Powers granted to the United States Congress are various and extensive. There are those who believe that the powers and authority of Congress should remain within the limits of the actual provisions as scripted in the Constitution. That is to say, the Constitution should be interpreted in terms of the actual text and that only those powers written into the law of the Constitution should be the actual extent of Congress’ powers.

However, there also others that believe that in order for Congress to effectually carry out its duties within the realm of its granted jurisdiction, abiding solely by the actual text is unwise. These people support the use of the Necessary and Proper Clause to grant Congress a wider breadth in terms of its jurisdictional authority in order to make sure that the Legislative Branch of government is working effectively and up to its intended purpose.

As mentioned, there are various powers included as part of Congress’ Enumerated Powers which are included in the Constitution’s provisions. The following comprises some of the powers that are found in Article 1 Section 8:

● Congress has the power to impose and collect taxes which are to provide for the debts of the United States, as well as for the common defense and welfare of the country. All such taxes are to be implemented equally throughout the nation.

● The power to borrow money on behalf of the United States.

● The regulation of commerce, both on the international and interstate levels. This also includes Indian Tribes as well.

● Congress has the power to establish currency and coin money.

● The power to establish post offices.

● To provide for and maintain a navy.

● Organizing, training, and arming a militia.

● Exclusive powers to legislative matters of the country.

Other powers that have been granted after the original drafting of the Constitution have come in the form of Constitutional Amendments. Three particular Amendments gave specific powers and authority to Congress that were not included under the Enumerated Powers of Article 1 Section 8: theThirteenth, Fourteenth, and the fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution. These Amendments gave the power to Congress to allow for legislation regarding the rights of African Americans, such as voting rights, due process, and equal protection under the provisions of the law of the United States.